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Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

Since 1978 dogs of all ages and breeds have been victims of a highly contagious viral disease that attacks the intestinal tract, white blood cells, and in some cases the heart muscle. This disease, canine parvovirus (CPV) infection, has appeared worldwide. CPV infection is spread by dog-to-dog contact and has been diagnosed wherever dogs congregate, including dog shows, obedience trials, breeding and boarding kennels, pet shops, campgrounds, humane shelters, parks and playgrounds.

A dog that is confined to a house or yard and is rarely in contact with other dogs is less likely tobe exposed to the virus. CPV infection can only be transmitted to dogs and other canids, not to other types of animals or people, but animals and people can carry it to your dog. The source of infection is fecal waste from infected dogs. Large amounts of the virus may be present in fecal material of infected dogs. The virus is resistant to extremes in environmental conditions and can survive for long periods in the environment. It is readily transmitted from place to place on the hair, feet, shoes, hands or other contaminated objects. Puppies, between weaning and six months of age are at increased risk of acquiring the disease and there appears to be a higher risk of the disease in certain breeds (e.g. Rottweillers, Pit Bull Terriers, Dalmations, and Dobermans).

Clinical Signs

The first signs of CPV infection are depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Fever may or may not be present. These signs will most often appear 5-7 days after the dog is exposed to the virus. At the onset of illness, feces will generally be light gray or yellow-gray. Sometimes, the first sign will be fluid feces with blood.Dehydration can occur rapidly due to vomiting and diarrhea. Some dogs may vomit repeatedly and have projectile, bloody diarrhea until they die. Others may have loose feces and recover without complications. Most deaths occur within 48-72 hours following the onset of clinical signs. Immediate emergency treatment is a must in any dog (especially puppies) showing any signs of infection from canine parvo virus.

Some animals may suffer from inflammation of the heart (myocarditis) in pups less than three months of age. This syndrome occurs without concurrent diarrhea because the virus multiplies rapidly in muscle cells of the growing heart. Pups with parvoviral myocarditis may act depressed and stop suckling shortly before they collapse. Death may follow within minutes; others may die at intervals over the next several days. There is no specific treatment. Pups that survive may have permanently damaged hearts. Such dogs may die from heart failure weeks or months after they have apparently recovered from infection.

Diagnosis

A veterinarian will make the initial diagnosis based on clinical signs, history, and vaccination status. Other causes for vomiting and diarrhea must also be considered.. Evidence of rapid spread in a group of dogs is strongly suggestive of CPV infection and may be confirmed by testing feces for the virus. Some tests may be available in your veterinarian's office. Your veterinarian may choose to send samples to an outside laboratory, however.

Treatment

Treatment of CPV infection, which should be started immediately, consists primarily of efforts to combat dehydration by replacing electrolyte and fluid losses, controlling vomiting and diarrhea, and preventing secondary infections with antibiotics. Sick dogs should be kept warm, hospitalized, and be provided good nursing care and careful monitoring of white blood cell levels. The destruction of white blood cells can lead to overwhelming bacterial infections and death due to toxemia from bacterial waste.

Prevention

This disease is totally preventable with proper vaccinations and good hygiene. With a few exceptions, dogs of any age should be vaccinated to prevent CPV infection. It is recommended that a series of vaccinations be given to provide adequate protection. Some vaccines provide protection against parvovirus, canine distemper, infectious hepatitis, parainfluenza, and others. Annual booster vaccinations are recommended and bi-annual vaccinations are recommended in some areas. Ask your veterinarian about vaccinations, duration of immunity, and recommended schedule for inoculations.

Proper cleaning and disinfection of kennels and other areas where dogs are housed is essential to control spread of the virus. Remember, the virus is capable of existing in the environment for many months unless the area is thoroughly cleaned. Sodium hypochlorite solution, such as one part household bleach to 30 parts water, is an effective disinfectant.

An owner should not allow a dog to come in contact with other dogs or areas were they have been such as walking in a park or playground or along city streets until the series of vaccinations is complete. Prompt and proper disposal of waste material is always advisable. Keep young or unvaccinated animals away from any other dogs until the vaccination protocol is complete. Routine vaccinations are given at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, and (for susceptible breeds) weeks 20 and 25. If you are unsure whether this disease is affecting dogs in your community, check with a veterinarian. The risk of exposure can be reduced if you prevent your dog from contacting other dogs in areas where the incidence of CPV infection is alarmingly high.